Happy 250th! : Samuel Holbrook’s Copy Book from 1776

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Front wrapper with an engraving illustrating a fable. Golden Precepts. Hartford, 1776. (Cotsen 34370)

Over the long holiday weekend, let’s take a second look at the post Ian Dooley, the curatorial assistant, wrote some years ago about a manuscript made by a child that is contemporaneous to the Declaration of Independence, with some additional comments by me.

The above image is the front wrapper of Samuel Holbrook’s copy book. Composed between June and September 1776 in Hartford, Connecticut and Boston, Massachusetts, this copy book is a rare artifact that has survived from the time of the founding of this country.  Back when students learned to write using quill pens and ink, they practiced penmanship exercises of different kinds in blank copy books. They wrote out alphabets of Roman and italic letters in the upper and lower cases, proverbs alphabetically organized, passages from literature or arithmetic problems from an engraved instruction manual.

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page [8]

Sam Holbrook’s copy book happens to have an entry that is a day earlier than a very auspicious date for this country.    The maxims he copied out that day may not speak to  the pursuit of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, but they offer general guidelines for behavior appropriate for any good and upright citizen:

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page [1]. Notice that Sam is using red ink for the headings and black for the precepts.

As you might have guessed, helping students store up ideas and thoughts that would be useful to them throughout their lives was as important as practicing penmanship. These kinds of proverbs in couplets and other aphorisms fill a significant number of pages in copy books (think of the sayings from Benjamin Franklin’s wildly popular Poor Richard’s Almanac).  Frequent topics are the cultivation of traits that smooth the way to wealth:

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page [11]. Notice that Sam used red, blue, and black ink on this page.

 Either Samuel Holbrook hadn’t heard the recent news about independence or had belonged to a Loyalist family. In the image below, Sam has copied out an extensive praise of British merchants and the far-reaching benefits of commercial activity across the country and around the globe–ideas now under question:

page [13]

page [13]. Sam was probably using a British copy book, which might also explain all the pro-English sentiments.

He also copied out excerpts from poems about the death of a child, the death of a friend, a great storm at sea from Virgil, and a warning to girls about using makeup.  If you want to get a more detailed idea of all the things children were supposed to learn by copying out texts, including page layouts,  Samuel’s copybook has been digitized.  If you want to see how this copy book has been featured in our public programs, check out this blog post by Dana Sheridan on the Cotsen Outreach blog Pop Goes the Page.

Happy 250th, everyone from sea to shining sea…

Superboy Saves 1776 in Adventure Comics 296 May 1962

Adventures Comics May 1962On a vacation to Washington D.C. with his foster parents, young Clark Kent (aka Superboy) expresses thanks for the Kryptonese rocket having landed in America.  After admiring the Declaration of Independence, they notice an issue of the Pennsylvania Gazette with the headline “Kents Perish at Party Local Family Dies” and the large engraving is–of them. Superboy admires the Declaration of IndependenceWith the Kents, Clark must investigate the strange circumstances. The Boy of Steel searches old hulks of colonial merchant ships for perfectly preserved clothes they can wear when they step out of the protective plastic bubble upon arrival in “quaint” Philadelphia. Superboy and his foster parents travel back to 1776 Clever clean-cut Clark pays a call to the proprietor of the Pennsylvania Gazette, none other than Benjamin Franklin, to ask for work.  Beguiled by Clark’s quoting aphorisms from Poor Richard’s Almanac, Franklin signs him on as a reporter.Superboy meets Ben FranklinHis first assignment is to cover the midnight ride of Paul Revere, but when he gets to the old North Church, one of the lanterns is dark and there’s no time to relight it the ordinary way.  Superboy reignites the wick with his heat vision, so Revere will get the correct signal, which will not really alter history.  Franklin can’t understand how he got the scoop, but that won’t stop him from getting the story out first.Superboy makes sure Paul Revere gets the signalA few weeks later, Franklin goes off to the signing of the Declaration.  Superboy follows him and hides in a closet to watch the historic event—which almost doesn’t happen, because John Hancock has sprained his hand.  Moving faster than the human eye can see, the lad holds Hancock’s hand and guides the quill so he can sign as boldly as possible.Superboy helps John Hancock sign the DeclarationOh no!  The window is opened to let in some fresh air and a gust of wind blows the precious document outside the building and towards the Liberty Bell.  Superboy succeeds in recapturing the Declaration, but the bell starts to ring out for freedom and cracks when it strikes his superhard body.  There’s no time to change back into his street clothes.  The red cape is mistaken for a British uniform as he is nearly shot down after delivering the document to Jefferson.Superboy cracks the Liberty BellThere’s no time to rest—the evening is stormy and Franklin is eager to test his theory about electricity.  Kent’s telescopic vision shows that there’s not enough string to carry the kite up to the clouds, so he manages once again to slip away, get into his blue and red suit, and extend the kite string bearing the key with wire made from nails, stretched long and thing with his superstrength.  Franklin amazes his guests that evening.Superboy saves Ben Franklin's experiment with electricitySuddenly Kent realizes that he and his foster parents must have disappeared during the Boston Tea Party, so he must dispel any suspicions that they are British spies and arrange for their safe travel back home to Smallville.  His foster parents are troubled by the inconvenient fact that their adventure to the past is riddled with historical inaccuracies.  A cosmic cloud “caused a freak reaction with the time barrier—and affected our senses!”  Luckily the people they met in the past were unaffected by the cosmic cloud because they did not time travel.  The Clarks still made history because a copy of the Pennsylvania Gazelle was somehow preserved by his super breath and was now on display in the gallery they visited.Superboy travels back in timeSuperboy explains it all to DadAt the end of the episode, Superman invited young readers to go to the King Bros. Sells & Gray circus when it stopped at Palisades Amusement Park in April, with five different discount coupons as added incentive…Superman circus promotion